Model Programs
Amphibian Ark considers that there are two steps which are vital in any
good ex situ conservation program, especially those that might eventually
involve release back into the wild:
- the program should be based within the range country; and
-
the population being managed should be housed in isolation from other
populations occurring outside its range.
Where possible, all amphibian programs that will ultimately result in
reintroduction or translocation programs should be operated within the
native range of the species. Maintaining these populations within the
range country generally results in lower disease risks than programs that
are located outside the native range of the species. This helps to reduce
the risks of introducing non‐native pathogens into the environment around
the facility holding the amphibians, and the possibility of introducing
novel local pathogens to amphibians that are collected and housed outside
of the range country.
The lowest risk situation for introduction of a significant infectious
disease to wild amphibian populations as the result of a reintroduction
program is when survival assurance populations are located within the
native country of the species or species assemblage AND the facility
keeps only amphibians from inside the native country
(Pessier and Mendelson, 2010).
Amphibians used in translocation or reintroduction programs should be
kept in long-term isolation from amphibians that are from outside of the
native range of the species that will be reintroduced. This process of
isolation is especially important for institutions that want to
participate in amphibian conservation programs, but that have amphibian
collections that are mixed or “cosmopolitan” (e.g., amphibians from
multiple geographic locations are housed in one facility). Mixed amphibian
collections increase the risk of the introduction of a significant
infectious disease to wild amphibian populations as the result of a
reintroduction program since the population being managed may be exposed
to animals with infectious diseases not already present in the captive
population.
In general, amphibians that have been held in situations without
appropriate biosecurity practices are not suitable for use in a
reintroduction program.
Captive breeding programs or survival assurance colonies that intend to
reintroduce amphibians to the wild should maintain those animals in
permanent isolation (e.g., dedicated rooms or buildings) away from
amphibians that originate from outside the native range of the species.
Husbandry practices such as the use of dedicated footwear, protective
clothing, dedicated tools and equipment, and following specific work‐flow
patterns reduce the risk of introducing non‐native pathogens to amphibian
collections. Facilities located within the natural range of the species
and that do not keep amphibians from outside the natural range are the
best example of permanent isolation and require the least amount of
expense and effort (Pessier and Mendelson, 2010).
See
Biosecurity and Permanent Isolation of Ex Situ Conservation Populations
for additional information about maintaining amphibian populations in
biosecure conditions.
Research in 2012 by Crawford et al. used a DNA barcoding approach to
survey mitochondrial DNA variation in captive populations of 10 species
of Neotropical amphibians maintained in an ex situ assurance program, and
found that three of ten species harbored substantial cryptic genetic
diversity within the ex situ populations, and an additional three species
harbored cryptic diversity among wild populations, but not in captivity.
Ex situ conservation efforts focused on amphibians are therefore
vulnerable to an incomplete taxonomy leading to misidentification among
cryptic species, and a complete phylogenetic analysis of the species in
the wild should be carried out, to understand what the functional unit you
wish to conserve is. See
DNA barcoding applied to ex situ tropical amphibian conservation programme reveals cryptic diversity in captive populations,
for more information.
In addition to these model programs, AArk monitors other
ex situ conservation programs
for species assessed during an
Amphibian Conservation Needs Assessment
as needing urgent ex situ rescue or research, and similar programs
in countries where an AArk conservation needs assessment has not yet been
carried out. The results of all conservation need assessments can be viewed
on the
Conservation Needs Assessment web site.
Example model facilities
Amphibian Ark commends the following ex situ amphibian conservation
programs as some of those which are based within the range country of
the species, and maintain the populations in isolation from other
amphibian populations occurring outside the range. Definitions for the
table headings and categories are provided below the table. Click the
species names to view full details for each program. The list can be
filtered by various columns and sorted by clicking on most column headings.
| Ambystoma laterale |
Supplementation (Other) |
United States |
Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo |
2010 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus glyphus |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Panama |
El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus palmatus |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2011 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus wampukrum |
Rescue (Other) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2011 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus wampukrum |
Rescue (Other) |
Ecuador |
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Calotriton arnoldi |
Rescue (Other) |
Spain |
Generalitat de Catalunya |
2007 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Echinotriton chinhaiensis |
Ex situ research (Other) |
China |
Chengdu Institute |
1999 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Epipedobates anthonyi |
Rescue (Other) |
Ecuador |
Conservation Center for Amphibians-Amaru |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus certus |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Panama |
Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project |
2009 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gastrotheca litonedis |
Rescue (Other) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2011 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gastrotheca litonedis |
Rescue (Other) |
Ecuador |
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gastrotheca orophylax |
Rescue (Other) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2011 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gastrotheca pseustes |
Rescue (Other) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2011 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus nanay |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2011 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus coynei |
Rescue (Other) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2012 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus elegans |
Ex situ research (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2011 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus spumarius |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2011 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Centrolene buckleyi |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2012 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gastrotheca pseustes |
Rescue (Other) |
Ecuador |
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gastrotheca riobambae |
Ex situ research (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2011 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gastrotheca riobambae |
Ex situ research (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador |
2003 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Geocrinia vitellina |
Supplementation (Other) |
Australia |
Perth Zoo |
2006 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gastrotheca testudinea |
Rescue (Other) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2012 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gastrotheca plumbea |
Rescue (Other) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2012 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus limosus (Upland, chevron) |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Panama |
Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project |
2009 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus limosus (Lowland, brown) |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Panama |
Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project |
2009 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus palmatus |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pleurodema somuncurense |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Argentina |
Ecoparque de Buenos Aires |
2022 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gastrotheca cornuta |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Panama |
Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project |
2009 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus cruciger |
Rescue (Other) |
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of |
Fundación para el Desarrollo de las Ciencias Físicas (FUDECI) |
2021 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lithobates chiricahuensis |
Supplementation (Other) |
United States |
Fort Worth Zoo |
2012 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus varius |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Panama |
Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project |
2009 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus glyphus |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Panama |
Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project |
2009 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus zeteki |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Panama |
Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Anotheca spinosa |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Panama |
Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project |
2007 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hyloscirtus pantostictus |
Ex situ research (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hyloscirtus princecharlesi |
Rescue (Other) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2011 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gastrotheca litonedis |
Rescue (Other) |
Ecuador |
Conservation Center for Amphibians-Amaru |
2011 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hyloxalus jacobuspetersi |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2012 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Leiopelma archeyi |
Rescue (Other) |
New Zealand |
Auckland Zoo |
2003 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Leiopelma hochstetteri |
Rescue (Other) |
New Zealand |
Hamilton Zoo |
2006 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Litoria aurea |
Supplementation (Other) |
Australia |
Taronga Zoo |
1995 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Litoria castanea |
Rescue (Other) |
Australia |
Taronga Zoo |
2010 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ctenophryne aequatorialis |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2011 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Neurergus microspilotus |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Razi University |
2009 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Rhinoderma darwinii |
Ex situ research (CNAW) |
Chile |
Universidad de Concepción |
2009 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Telmatobius dankoi |
Rescue (Other) |
Chile |
Parque Metropolitano de Santiago/Parquemet National Zoo |
2019 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pseudepidalea viridis |
Supplementation (Other) |
Sweden |
Nordens Ark |
2002 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pseudophryne pengilleyi |
Rescue (Other) |
Australia |
ZAA institutions |
2003 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mantella aurantiaca |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Madagascar |
Association Mitsinjo |
2012 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Geocrinia alba |
Supplementation (Other) |
Australia |
Perth Zoo |
2008 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Strabomantis bufoniformis |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Panama |
El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center |
2006 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hyloxalus jacobuspetersi |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Scinax alcatraz |
Rescue (Other) |
Brazil |
Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo |
2011 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pseudophryne corroboree |
Rescue (Other) |
Australia |
ZAA institutions |
2002 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Rana muscosa |
Ex situ research (CNAW) |
United States |
San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hylarana taipehensis |
Rescue (Other) |
Taiwan, Province of China |
Taipei Zoo |
2011 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Rhinoderma darwinii |
Ex situ research (CNAW) |
Chile |
Parque Metropolitano de Santiago/Parquemet National Zoo |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Telmatobufo venustus |
Ex situ research (CNAW) |
Chile |
Parque Metropolitano de Santiago/Parquemet National Zoo |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Incilius cristatus |
Rescue (Other) |
Mexico |
Africam Safari |
2008 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hylomantis lemur |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Panama |
Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project |
2007 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gastrotheca sp. |
Not yet assessed (Other) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2011 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus sp. nov (Cordillera del condor) |
Rescue (Other) |
Ecuador |
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lithobates vibicarius |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Costa Rica |
University of Costa Rica |
2016 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hyloscirtus sp. nov. |
Not yet assessed (Other) |
Ecuador |
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ambystoma dumerilii |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Mexico |
Monastery of the Dominican of Order |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus balios |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2011 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus sp. (spumarius-pulcher complex) |
Rescue (Other) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2008 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Telmatobius culeus |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Bolivia, Plurinational State of |
Centro K’ayra de Investigación y Conservación Anfibios Amenazados de Bolivia (Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d'Orbigny) |
2008 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Rana muscosa |
Ex situ research (CNAW) |
United States |
Los Angeles Zoo |
2010 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Litoria spenceri |
Supplementation (Other) |
Australia |
ZAA institutions |
2003 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Philoria frosti |
Rescue (Other) |
Australia |
Melbourne Zoo |
2011 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Nectophrynoides asperginis |
Rescue (Other) |
Tanzania, United Republic of |
University of Dar es Salaam |
2010 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hyperolius pickersgilli |
Rescue (CNAW) |
South Africa |
Johannesburg Zoo |
2012 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pithecopus rusticus |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Brazil |
Parque das Aves |
2021 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Alsodes vanzolinii |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Chile |
Universidad de Concepción |
2013 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pleurodema somuncurense |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Argentina |
La Plata University |
2014 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Platymantis insulatus |
Rescue (Other) |
Philippines |
Project Palaka |
2019 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ctenophryne aequatorialis |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Leiopelma pakeka |
Rescue (Other) |
New Zealand |
Zealandia - Karori Sanctuary |
2006 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Craugastor evanesco |
Rescue (Other) |
Panama |
Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project |
2015 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Andinobates geminisae |
Rescue (Other) |
Panama |
Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project |
2015 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Anaxyrus houstonensis |
Rescue (CNAW) |
United States |
Houston Zoo |
2007 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus elegans |
Ex situ research (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador |
2009 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus pachydermus |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador |
2016 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus longirostris |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador |
2016 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus spumarius |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador |
2007 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus sp. (condor) |
Rescue (Other) |
Ecuador |
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador |
2010 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hyloscirtus condor |
Rescue (Other) |
Ecuador |
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador |
2016 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus nanay |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Conservation Center for Amphibians-Amaru |
2010 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus wampukrum |
Rescue (Other) |
Ecuador |
Conservation Center for Amphibians-Amaru |
2012 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ctenophryne aequatorialis |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Conservation Center for Amphibians-Amaru |
2009 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ambystoma dumerilii |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Mexico |
Parque Ecológico Zacango |
2017 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ambystoma dumerilii |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Mexico |
Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo |
2018 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gastrotheca pseustes |
Ex situ research (Other) |
Ecuador |
Conservation Center for Amphibians-Amaru |
2010 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Nymphargus bejaranoi |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Bolivia, Plurinational State of |
Centro K’ayra de Investigación y Conservación Anfibios Amenazados de Bolivia (Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d'Orbigny) |
2019 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Agalychnis annae |
Supplementation (CNAW) |
Costa Rica |
Simón Bolívar Zoo |
2016 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus longirostris |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios |
2016 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Telmatobius simonsi |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Bolivia, Plurinational State of |
Centro K’ayra de Investigación y Conservación Anfibios Amenazados de Bolivia (Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d'Orbigny) |
2011 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Telmatobius yuracare |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Bolivia, Plurinational State of |
Centro K’ayra de Investigación y Conservación Anfibios Amenazados de Bolivia (Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d'Orbigny) |
2003 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Telmatobius gigas |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Bolivia, Plurinational State of |
Centro K’ayra de Investigación y Conservación Anfibios Amenazados de Bolivia (Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d'Orbigny) |
2018 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Telmatobius hintoni |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Bolivia, Plurinational State of |
Centro K’ayra de Investigación y Conservación Anfibios Amenazados de Bolivia (Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d'Orbigny) |
2006 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Aromobates zippeli |
Rescue (Other) |
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of |
Rescue of Endangered Venezuelan Amphibians Program |
2017 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Melanophryniscus nigricans |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Argentina |
National University of the Centre of Buenos Aires Province |
2017 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lithobates areolatus |
Supplementation (Other) |
United States |
Detroit Zoo |
2012 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Atelopus hoogmoedi |
Ex situ research (Other) |
Brazil |
Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo |
2022 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gegeneophis tejaswini |
Ex situ research (CNAW) |
India |
Central University of Kerala |
2019 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gastrotheca gracilis |
Rescue (Other) |
Argentina |
Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA, UNJu-CONICET) |
2018 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Aromobates duranti |
Rescue (Other) |
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of |
Rescue of Endangered Venezuelan Amphibians Program |
2018 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bombina pachypus |
Rescue (Other) |
Italy |
Fondazione Bioparco di Roma |
2012 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Euproctus platycephalus |
Rescue (Other) |
Italy |
Fondazione Bioparco di Roma |
2009 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Leiopelma hamiltoni |
Rescue (Other) |
New Zealand |
Orana Wildlife Park |
2020 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ambystoma andersoni |
Rescue (Other) |
Mexico |
Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo |
2019 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Aparasphenodon pomba |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Brazil |
Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo |
2019 |
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| Ambystoma taylori |
Rescue (Other) |
Mexico |
Africam Safari |
2018 |
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| Gastrotheca riobambae |
Ex situ research (CNAW) |
Ecuador |
Fundación Herpetológica Gustavo Orcés |
2015 |
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| Heleioporus australiacus |
Rescue (Other) |
Australia |
Melbourne Zoo |
2021 |
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| Ecnomiohyla valancifer |
Rescue (Other) |
Mexico |
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México |
2020 |
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| Atelognathus patagonicus |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Argentina |
Delegación Sur de Parques Nacionales |
2018 |
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| Paradactylodon gorganensis |
Rescue (Other) |
Iran, Islamic Republic of |
Damghan University |
2021 |
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| Telmatobius macrostomus |
Rescue (CNAW) |
Peru |
Junin Amphibian Conservation Center |
2021 |
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| Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis |
Supplementation (Other) |
United States |
Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife |
2017 |
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Definitions
Species
– Click these species name to view the complete information for each model program.
Category
– the type of conservation program
-
Rescue (CNAW) – Designated as requiring rescue during a
Conservation Needs Assessment Workshop.
A species that is in imminent danger of extinction (locally or globally) and requires ex situ management, as part of an integrated program, to ensure its survival.
- Rescue (Other) – Not designated as rescue during an assessment, but managed by national/local experts as such because no assessment has been completed.
- Supplementation (CNAW) – Designated as requiring a supplementation program during a Conservation Needs Assessment Workshop. A species for which ex situ management benefits the wild population through breeding for release as part of the recommended conservation action.
- Supplementation (Other) – Not designated as supplementation during a Conservation Needs Assessment Workshop, but managed by national/local experts as such because either (1) no assessment has been completed or (2) national/local experts wish to manage the species as a supplementation for other reasons, e.g. this is not uncommon where a species is not threatened globally but populations are struggling at the edges of the range. It is not a global priority assessment, but it is a very valid effort to keep common species common, particularly at the extremes of their distribution.
- Ex situ research (CNAW) – Either recommended for some form of ex situ research (e.g. natural history, biochemical or genetic studies) at a Conservation Needs Assessment Workshop, or being used as an analog for a species recommended for rescue during an assessment.
Start
– the year the conservation program began.
Phylogeny
– a complete phylogenetic analysis of the species in the wild has been carried out, to understand the functional unit being conserved (i.e. species limits have been determined).
Range
– most or all of the ex situ population is maintained in the range country.
Isolated
– the ex situ population in housed in isolation from other populations occurring outside its range.
Offspring
– the population has produced viable offspring.
F2
– first generation captive-bred animals have reproduced successfully.
Releases
– captive-bred or captive-reared animals have been released to the wild